APS v. Sorkin, 2023 IL App (1st) 211668-U considers some important issues that recur in breach of contract litigation and features an appellate judge urging lawyers to excise superfluous adverbs from their legal briefs.

The business broker plaintiff sued an accountant for damages after he sold his practice to a buyer introduced by the plaintiff during the term of a written agreement between the parties.

The plaintiff sought 10% of the sale fee plus attorneys’ fees. The trial court granted summary judgment for the plaintiff and the defendant appealed.

Affirming the judgment, the First District first noted that a party seeking to enforce a contract must prove it substantially complied with the material terms of an agreement. Conversely, a party who materially breaches a contract cannot recover damages from the non-breaching party.

The defendant argued that plaintiff breached the contract by refusing to request updated letters of intent (LOIs) from prospective buyers of the practice and by unilaterally terminating the contract.

The court rejected both arguments. It first noted that the subject contract gave plaintiff the exclusive right to market defendant’s accounting practice for a 90-day period with 15-day automatic renewal terms.

The contract did not require plaintiff to employ specific marketing techniques such as soliciting additional LOIs from prospects. It only obligated the plaintiff to facilitate the sale of the accounting business by marketing it and locating potential buyers. As a result, the Court found that plaintiff did not breach the agreement by refusing defendant’s request to obtain new LOIs from prospects. [¶ 25]

The Court also rejected the defendant’s claim that plaintiff breached by terminating the contract. Defendant cited language in the contract that apparently provided him with sole right to terminate. The Court noted that perpetual contracts or ones of indefinite duration are disfavored and terminable at the will of either party. Since the Court found that the contract did not give defendant an exclusive termination right, it held that the plaintiff did not breach by unilaterally ending the contract once the initial 90-day term expired. [¶ 27]

Defendant also claimed the contract was unenforceable under Section 10-30 of the Business Broker Act, 815 ILCS 307/10-30(a)(the “BBA”). The BBA, among other things, requires a business broker (like plaintiff) to provide a written disclosure document to a client at the time or before a client signs a contract for services.

Plaintiff’s agent signed an affidavit stating that he supplied defendant with the required disclosure document more than three months before the contract was signed. Since defendant did not oppose this affidavit, plaintiff’s testimony was taken as true by the Court when ruling on plaintiff’s summary judgment motion.

Next, the Court affirmed the trial court’s denial of the defendant’s motion for leave to amend his affirmative defenses.

Defendant sought to file amended affirmative defenses of Plaintiff’s material breach and failure to comply with the BBA. However, since the record evidence demonstrated that Plaintiff did not materially breach the contract by terminating it and Defendant did not challenge Plaintiff’s affidavit testimony that it provided the required BBA disclosure document, Defendant’s proposed defenses would not cure any pleading defects. [¶ 37]

Judge Hyman’s special concurrence (¶¶ 41-47) takes the litigants’ attorneys to task for peppering their briefs with intensifiers (adverbs or adjectives used to lend force or emphasis to a word’s meaning). He takes special aim at counsels’ overuse of the words “clearly”, “merely”, “woefully” and “certainly” (think “Plaintiffs have clearly failed to meet their burden of proof here”) and notes a Supreme Court Justice’s (Roberts), a celebrated novelist’s (Stephen King) and a prolific legal writing scholar’s (Brian Garner) mutual disdain for adverbs.

In Hyman’s view, the singled-out adverbs hamper rather than help an author’s prose and detract from her message.

Afterwords:

Sorkin’s case lessons include the contract law principle that a party’s termination of an indefinite contract is not a material breach unless the contract specifies that it can be terminated only for a specific reason or upon the happening of a described event.

The case also makes clear that unchallenged affidavit testimony in support of a summary judgment will be taken as true. A party opposing summary judgment must file counter-affidavits to contradict the movant’s version of events.

Lastly, Sorkin solidifies the proposition that the denial of an amendment to a pleading is proper where it’s clear that a proposed, amended pleading will not cure a defect in an earlier pleading.